Cancer is a prevalent condition among dogs, especially as they age. Unfortunately, around 25% of dogs develop cancer at some point in their lives, and this number rises to 50% for senior dogs, according to the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA). However, a cancer diagnosis doesn’t necessarily mean the end of your dog’s quality of life. With early detection, proper treatment, and consistent post-care, many dogs can live long and happy lives even after a cancer diagnosis.
In this blog, we will explore how common cancer is in dogs, the signs you should look out for, the different types of cancer, how it’s diagnosed, and treatment options to help your pet.
How Common is Cancer in Dogs?
Cancer is, unfortunately, becoming more common in dogs, particularly as veterinary care improves and dogs live longer. While longer lives mean more time spent with our beloved pets, it also gives cancer the opportunity to develop, especially in their senior years. Cancer can affect a wide variety of organs in dogs, from the skin and breasts to the digestive and reproductive systems.
Certain dog breeds are genetically more predisposed to developing cancer. Breeds like Golden Retrievers, Boxers, Rottweilers, and Labradors are particularly prone to certain types of cancers such as lymphoma and osteosarcoma. Other breeds, such as Beagles, French Bulldogs, and Staffordshire Bull Terriers, also have higher cancer rates. Larger breeds, in general, have a higher risk of developing bone cancer, while smaller breeds might be more susceptible to skin cancers.
Signs of Cancer in Dogs
Cancer can manifest in various ways depending on the type and location, and symptoms can range from subtle to severe. Early detection is crucial in managing and treating cancer effectively, so it’s important to be vigilant for any signs that may indicate the presence of cancer in your dog.
Common signs of cancer include lumps or growths on the skin, sores that don’t heal, sudden weight loss, and changes in appetite. Other signs may include digestive issues, lethargy, limping, difficulty breathing, and a general decline in energy. These symptoms may appear suddenly or gradually worsen over time, and while they don’t always indicate cancer, they should be checked by a veterinarian promptly.
For example, if you notice a lump on your dog’s body, it’s essential to have it examined, even if it appears small and harmless. In some cases, these lumps can be benign, but malignant tumours may spread quickly. Similarly, sores that don’t heal or a sudden loss of appetite may point to deeper issues within the body, including cancer.
Types of Cancer in Dogs
Cancer in dogs is not limited to one type; it can affect different parts of the body, and some breeds are more susceptible to certain cancers than others. Among the most common types of cancer in dogs are:
- Lymphoma: This cancer affects the lymph nodes and other parts of the lymphatic system. It often responds well to chemotherapy and is one of the more treatable forms of cancer.
- Hemangiosarcoma: A fast-growing cancer of the blood vessels, hemangiosarcoma typically affects the spleen, heart, or liver. Due to its aggressive nature, it’s often detected late.
- Mast Cell Tumour: The most common type of skin cancer in dogs, mast cell tumours can vary in severity, ranging from benign to highly aggressive.
- Osteosarcoma: A painful bone cancer that primarily affects large breed dogs, such as Great Danes and Rottweilers. It often requires surgical amputation of the affected limb, followed by chemotherapy.
- Melanoma: Often found in the mouth or on the skin, melanomas are aggressive cancers that typically require surgery and additional treatments like radiation or chemotherapy.
- Mammary Gland Carcinoma: Female dogs, particularly those that are unspayed, are at higher risk for this type of breast cancer. Spaying a dog early, especially before their first heat cycle, can significantly reduce the risk of this cancer.
- Transitional Cell Carcinoma: This cancer affects the urinary tract, especially the bladder, and can be difficult to treat due to its aggressive nature.
While these are some of the most common types of cancer, many others can affect your dog depending on breed, age, and lifestyle. Each type of cancer may present different symptoms and require various treatments.
Why Has Cancer Become More Common in Dogs?
Thanks to improved veterinary care, vaccinations, and better nutrition, dogs are living longer than ever before. Large breeds now have an average lifespan of 8-12 years, while smaller breeds can live up to 18 years or more. While these extra years are a blessing, they also give cancer more time to develop. Longer lifespans mean a greater likelihood of genetic mutations and exposure to environmental factors that can contribute to cancer.
Another factor contributing to the rise of cancer in dogs is selective breeding. Certain purebred dogs are more likely to inherit genetic predispositions to cancer, particularly those that have undergone inbreeding. For example, breeds like Golden Retrievers and Boxers are known to have a higher risk of developing cancers such as lymphoma and hemangiosarcoma.
How is Cancer Diagnosed in Dogs?
When it comes to diagnosing cancer in dogs, a thorough veterinary examination is the first step. Your vet may perform a physical exam to check for any abnormal lumps, masses, or growths. If they suspect cancer, further diagnostic tests will be needed to confirm the diagnosis.
A common diagnostic tool is fine-needle aspiration (FNA), where a small sample of cells is taken from a lump or growth and examined under a microscope. If this test suggests cancer, your vet may recommend a biopsy for a more detailed tissue analysis.
Bloodwork and urine tests are also commonly used to check for signs of organ dysfunction or infection. In more complex cases, your vet may suggest advanced imaging techniques such as X-rays, ultrasounds, or CT scans to determine the extent of the cancer and whether it has spread. The best veterinary hospital in Delhi will have the latest diagnostic equipment to ensure accurate and thorough testing, helping to develop an appropriate treatment plan for your dog.
If cancer is confirmed, your veterinarian may refer you to a specialist, such as a veterinary oncologist, to discuss the best course of treatment.
Treatment for Cancer in Dogs
Once cancer is diagnosed, treatment options will depend on the type, stage, and location of the cancer. The most common treatments include:
- Surgery: If the cancer is localized, removing the tumour through surgery may be the best option. This is often followed by other treatments like chemotherapy or radiation to prevent recurrence.
- Chemotherapy: Commonly used for cancers like lymphoma, chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill cancer cells or prevent them from growing. Many dogs tolerate chemotherapy well, with fewer side effects than humans.
- Radiation Therapy: This treatment uses high-energy radiation to target and shrink cancerous tumours. It is often recommended for inoperable tumours or to follow up after surgery.
- Immunotherapy: A newer approach that boosts the dog’s immune system to help fight the cancer.
- Palliative Care: For dogs with advanced cancer, the focus may shift to palliative care, which involves managing pain and keeping your dog comfortable, even if the cancer cannot be cured.
Prevention and Early Detection
While not all cancers in dogs are preventable, there are steps you can take to reduce the risk. Spaying or neutering your dog at the appropriate time can help prevent certain types of cancers, such as mammary gland carcinoma in females or testicular cancer in males. Regular checkups with your vet and routine screenings can also help catch cancer early, improving the chances of successful treatment.
Paying attention to any changes in your dog’s behaviour, appetite, or appearance is crucial for early detection. If you notice anything unusual, don’t wait—schedule a vet appointment to have it checked out.
Conclusion
Cancer in dogs is a common diagnosis, especially in older pets. However, with the right care, early detection, and treatment, many dogs can continue to live fulfilling lives. If you notice any concerning symptoms or changes in your dog’s health, don’t hesitate to consult with a veterinarian. Early diagnosis and intervention are key to managing cancer and giving your pet the best chance for a positive outcome.